Chemistry Scheme of Work, SS1, Second Term

The _____ spectrometry experiment conducted on isotopic elements gave a confirmation for the existence of isotopes.

• A. Mole

• B. Volume

• C. Weight

• D. Number of moles

• E. Mass

• F. Amount of substance

John Dalton's first atomic theory was modified based on a discovery made by _____.

• A. Sir Isaac Newton

• B. Albert Einstein

• C. Avogadro

• D. Rutherford

• E. Boyle and Charles

• F. Gay Lussac

Which of the following isn't an element of the periodic table.

• A. J

• B. Y

• C. W

• D. B

• E. U

• F. K

According to the periodic table, elements in the same group have got the same number of shells.

• A. True

• B. False

The periodic table of elements is also called the Mendeleev's table.

• A. True

• B. False

The simplest formula of a compound is termed _____.

• A. Emperical formula

• B. Molecular formula

• C. Avogadro's number

• D. Mass formula

• E. Molar mass formula

• F. Mole ratio

A compound composed of iron (Fe) and oxygen (O) was analyzed and found to contain 69.94% iron and 30.06% oxygen. Find the empirical formula of the compound. (Molar mass of Fe=55.85, O=16)

• A. FeO

• B. Fe₂O₃

• C. Fe₃O₄

• D. FeO₂

• E. Fe₃O₆

• F. Fe₂O₄

Which of the following statement is false concerning hydrocarbons?

• A. Hydrocarbons can be aromatic

• B. Hydrocarbons are made up of carbon and hydrogen only

• C. Alkynes are aliphatic hydrocarbons

• D. Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond in their structure

• E. Benzene ring has a carbon-carbon triple bond in its structure

• F. Hydrocarbons are the main constituents of petroleum and natural gas

Plastic and Glass can decompose, but not in our lifetimes. It takes an average time of 450 years for plastics to decompose. As for the decomposition of glasses, it takes about 4,000 years

The only letters that failed to appear on the periodic table are letters:

J     &     Q

Gold and copper are the only two non-silvery colored metals.

Copper is the only metal that is naturally antibacterial. For this reason, some children utilize 'copper water bottles' in schools

Water freezes faster when it’s warm than when it’s cold

Most element in their pure state exists physically in different forms. For instance, pure carbon can exist as both diamond and graphite. This phenomenon is called allotropy

If you pour a handful of salt into a full glass of water, the water level will go down rather than overflowing the glass.

Similarly, if you mix half liter of water and half litre of alcohol, the total volume of the liquid will be les than one litre

In chemistry, hydrocarbons can be classified as either aliphatic or aromatic. Recently, both classifications of hydrocarbon were based on their structure rather than their origin.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are put into three main groups according to the types of bonds they possess. These are:

1. Alkanes

2. Alkenes

3. Alkynes

They are shown in the image below:

It's important to note the followings:

• Alkanes have single bonds (only) in their structures.

• Alkenes always have a carbon-carbon double bond present in their structure.

• Alkynes always have a carbon-carbon triple bond present in their structure.

Aromatic hydrocarbons are classified into:

• Arenes: They contain benzene ring as a structural unit. Below is the structure of a benzene ring.

• Nonbenzenoid aromatic hydrocarbons: They possess special stability but lack a benzene ring as a structural unit.

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and it's compounds.

Carbon is the focus of organic chemistry because it has a wide chemical diversity in the sense that it can combine with other carbon atoms to form a long chain of carbon molecule. This ability and process whereby carbon can form a long chain of itself is called catenation.

Please read the introduction to organic chemistry here

A major challenge encountered when calculating molecular mass is that it becomes difficult or impossible to calculate especially when the relative molecular mass of large molecules, polymers and macromolecules are involved.

Examples of large molecules (with indefinite molecular masses) include carbohydrates, cellulose and complex sugars.

The large molecules (above) have no specific chemical formula throughout their volume.

Please read more on carbohydrates and sugars here

Understand that Relative Molecular Mass prove to be useful only when we calculate substances with small and definite molecular sizes. This was proven through the modifications of Dalton's atomic theory.

Please read on Dalton's atomic theory and its modifications here.

Calculate the Relative Molecular Mass of methane (CH₄). (Carbon=12.001 and H=1.00794)

• Molecular Mass = Atomic mass of carbon + Atomic mass of Hydrogen

• Methane is composed of one atom of Carbon and 4 atoms of Hydrogen.

• 12.001 + (1.00794 x 4)

Molecular Mass of Methane = 16.033 amu

Please read more on molecular mass here

Calculate the Relative Molecular Mass of water (H₂O). (Oxygen=15.9994 and Hydrogen=1.00794)

• Molecular Mass = Atomic mass of Hydrogen + Atomic mass of Oxygen

• Water contains 2 atoms of Hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen.

• (1.00794 x 2) + 15.9994

Molecular Mass of Water = 18.015 Da

Please read on emperical formula and its calculations here

Below are some facts about gold:

• It is the only metal that has a gold (golden) color

• Gold is present inside the earth crust in all the seven continents

• Pure gold is soft and very stretchable (It can even be stretched into threads)

• The Latin name of Gold is aurum which means 'shining dawn'. For this reason, its chemical symbol is 'Au'

• Gold is a very good conductor of electricity. This is why it’s sometimes used in making USB and audio cables

• Gold is non toxic and can be eaten with food. It is sometimes added to desserts in some expensive restaurants

• The term Gold originated from an ancient English word 'geolu' which means yellow

• 24karat gold is the purest gold element

Please read more interesting facts about gold here