Alfred Ajibola
- 18th May, 2026 @ 02:34 PM
Topics in Basic Science
Classifications of Drugs, Sources of Drugs and Drug Abuse Teeth, Structure of the Tooth, Dentition and Dental Care Balanced Diet, Classes of Food and their Importance Classes of Food, their Composition and Functions Nutrition: Types and Class of Food Cleanliness of parts of the body Family Health and Personal Cleanliness Behaviors and Feelings during Adolescence Pubertal changes in Boys and Girls Classification and Uses of Rubber Characteristics, Classification and Uses of Plastics Cement: Composition, Types and Uses of Cement Types, Properties and Uses of Ceramics Properties and Uses of Nonmetals Safety Devices: Examples and Uses of Safety Devices Accident Prevention Techniques and Safety Rules Safety Precautions for Pedestrians, Cyclists and Motorists Technology: Benefits of Technology Alloys: Types, Composition and Uses of Alloys Ferrous and Non-Ferrous MetalsAcademic Questions in Basic Science
Which of the following diseases is associated with river blindness?
A. Anthrax
B. Lawnmower Disease
C. Onchocerciasis
D. Devil's Crunch
E. Trypanosomiasis
F. Tularemia
The vector for yellow fever is _____.
A. Aedes Mosquito
B. Female Anopheles Mosquito
C. Plasmodium
D. Flavivirus
E. Black Fly
F. Bacillus Anthracis
The bones of the head and face make up the skull. These bones are _____ in number.
A. 12
B. 14
C. 16
D. 18
E. 20
F. 22
Bacteria are not a constituent of our environment.
A. True
B. False
Below are types of drugs. Which of these is considered as pain killers?
A. Stimulants
B. Depressants
C. Opiods and Morphine Derivatives
D. Hallucinogens
E. Anabolic Steroids
F. Cannabinoids
Which of the following statement is false concerning drugs?
A. Drugs can be inhaled
B. Drugs can be injected directly into the bloodstream
C. Drugs can be eaten
D. Drugs exist exclusively in the forms of tablets and syrups
E. Drugs can be placed under the tongue
F. Drugs can be taken with water or another liquid
Vaccination involves a process of introducing pathogens or germs into a person in order to prevent such person from the diseases they cause.
A. True
B. False
With regards to the human health, foreign bodies are best regarded as _____.
A. International bodies
B. Antilators
C. Antibodies
D. Antigens
E. Antibiotics
F. Antidotes
Non living things can be classified into metals and non-metals.
A metal is defined as a solid material at room temperature (with the exception of mercury) that is typically dense (hard), shiny, strong, and can act as conductor of heat and electricity. Chemically, metals lose electrons to become positively charged ions called cations. However, understand that metals exist naturally as ores (in an impure state), and are often purified after their extraction.
Metals can be properly understood through their properties or characteristics. Such properties can be put into two. These are: physical properties and chemical properties respectively.
Please read on matter and its classification here.
The following are the physical properties (or characteristics) of metals.
Density
Lustre/color
Fusibility
Magnetic properties
Ductility
Toughness
Conductivity of heat and electricity
Sound test (Sonority)
Malleability
You can read on animals and their classification here.
The physical properties of metals are explained below:
1. Density
This describes how heavy or light a given metal is. Metals generally possess high density due to their high atomic mass, and a tightly packed crystalline atomic structure.
The density of metals can be measured or calculated by dividing the mass of the metal by its volume.
Mass = Density (Kg/m³) × Volume of substance (m³)
You can read on BODMAS in mathematics here.
Example 1
Solution
Volume = 1m3
Mass = 1200kg
Density = 1200kg/1m3
Example 2
Solution
Density = 3800kg/m3
Mass = 19kg
Volume = ?
Volume = 19kg/3800kg/m3
Example 3
Solution
Mass = 9750kg
Volume = 10cm3
Volume= ?
Please read more on density here.
2. Lustre
This refers to the gentle, soft sheen or shiny appearance of metals, often created by their reflection of light (due to the presence of free electron in their atoms). This high reflectivity of metals create a polished and shiny surface which become dull through oxidation.
Please read on ionic theory and electrolysis here.
Different metals show different color when they are polished.
3. Fusibility
This is the property of a metal which makes it melt or become molten at an increased temperature. The temperature at which a metal melts is called its melting point. Therefore , metals with lower melting point has a higher fusibility. Meanwhile, understand that mercury is a metal that exists as liquid at room temperature.
The fusibility of metals is critical for soldering, welding and casting.
Please read on the chemical properties of matter here.
4. Magnetic Property
This is the property that make certain metals to become attracted by magnet. Metals that possses such abilities are called ferrous or ferromagnetic metals. Metals that are not attracted by magnet are called non-ferrous metals.
The magnetic property of metals are determined by the presence of unpaired d and f elections in their configuration, and their spin alignment, which can make metals ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, or diamagnetic.
Ferromagnetic metals (e.g iron, cobalt, nickel) strongly attract magnets and retain magnetism.
Paramagnetic metals (e.g, aluminum and titanium) show weak attraction.
Diamagnetic metals (e.g copper and gold) are weakly repelled.
Please read on the uses of chemistry here.
5. Ductility
This refers to the tendency of metals to become plastically deformed, (that is: change shape by stretching or elongation) into thin wires without breaking. This property of metals ensure that thay can become elongated, drawn out or stretched into thin wires. It is shown via the image below:
The ductility of metals increases at higher temperatures.
You can read on the families of elements in the periodic table here.
6. Malleability
This is the physical property of metals that allows them to be hammered and rolled into thin sheets without breaking (or fracturing). In simple words, it is the ability of metals to be hammered or beaten, leading to a permanent change in its shape without fracturing.
The malleability of metals result primarily from the metallic bonding of their atoms which enables them to glide and slide over each other.
Note: The ductility and malleability of metals are quite different. Recall that ductility is the ability of a metal to deform under tensile stress, making it stretch into into wire; however, the malleability of metals focuses on its ability to deform (change shape) under high stress, making it hammered into sheets. In this regards, ductility deals with stretching or pulling of metals into thin wires, while malleability focuses on the flattening of metals when hammered.
You can read on the physical properties of matter here.
7. Conductivity
This is the ability of metals to allow the flow of heat and electricity through them. However, heat and electrical conductivity varies in metals. Silver (Ag) has the highest conductivity of all metals. Other metals with high conductivity including copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al).
Metals possess high electrical and thermal conductivity due to a 'sea' of delocalized outermost (valence) electrons in their shell which move freely through the metal lattice. In this regard, metals with high electrical conductivity usually experience high thermal conductivity too.
The conductivity of metals decreases with increasing temperature since thermal vibrations scatter these electrons. Also, thermal conductivity is higher in pure metals compared to their ores and alloys.
Please read on alloys, their composition and uses here.
8. Sound Test (Sonority)
This is the sound heard when any metallic material is struck with a defferent type of materials. The sound is produced as a result of sufficient vibration which is transmitted through their crystalline lattice structure. Simply put, metals produce a distinct, deep ringing sound when struck.
The high-frequency resonance (sound) dffers from metal to metal, and can be applied in instruments like bells and gong. Such sound can vary from bright, light and vibrant sustained tone to a dull and heavy clang, depending on the density of the metal.
You can read on technology in basic science here.
9. Toughness
Toughness in metals refers to their ability to absorb energy without fracturing (or breaking) when subjected to high impact, shock, or stress. Simply put, it is the resistance of metals to breakage, cracking, or stretching.
The toughness of metals represent a balance in regards to their high strength and ductility which provides resistance from breakage when hammered.
The toughness of a metal decreases with heating (that is, a rise in temperature). Likewise, the presence of cracks or defects reduces the toughness of a metals, making it easier to break or fracture.
Please read the continuation of this topic here (Types of metals).
Please read basic science scheme of work for jss1 first term here.
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Amazing facts in Basic Science
According to scientific research, if the first tear drop comes from the right eye, it’s tears of joy. If it comes from the left eye, then it is as a result of pain
Dentistry is the oldest profession in the world. This is considered true because a research conducted by the University of Bologna, Italy on a 14,000-year-old skull found that one rotten tooth in the jaw had been deliberately scoured and scraped with a dental tool
Scientific research has it that the human nose can distinguish more than a trillion different odors
Tigers have striped fur. So also is their skin
The most common wild bird in the world is native to Africa, and it's the red-billed quelea with a population estimated to be around 1.5 billion
Of all animals, mosquitoes hold the record of killing most humans annually. They are responsible for the deaths of 725,000 - 1,000,000 persons yearly
Antibiotics fights and kills bacteria. However, they do nothing to a virus
All insects have six legs. However, dragonfly has six legs but can't walk
The chin is defined as the protruding part of the face below the mouth, formed by the apex of the lower lip. It is shown below:
Interestingly, humans are the only animals with chin
Ripe cranberries will bounce like a ball. For this reason, they are nicknamed 'bounceberries'. They will also float in water
Notable points in Basic Science
We have six classes of food. These are:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats and Oils
Vitamins
Mineral Salts
Water
In humans, roughages are not classified as one of the classes of food. This is so because they aren't digested. Instead, roughages facilitate the movement of bowels in the large intestine (colon); and for this reason, they can become useful in treating constipation.
Food refers to anything that is ingested by living organisms, giving them nutrients and thus enabling them to stay alive.
As an instance, 99% of a panda's diet is bamboo. In this case, bamboo is considered as food to a panda since it provides a source of nutrient and keeps it alive. This is shown in the image below:
The only process in nature that actively enriches our atmosphere with oxygen is photosynthesis. Every other process like respiration, burning and combustion takes away oxygen from it. In addition, they introduce carbon(IV)oxide (CO2) into the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis is also the only process that takes away carbon(IV)oxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis is defined as a process by which green plants manufacture food by utilizing carbon(IV)oxide and water in the presence of sunlight.
Oxygen is given off as a by-product of photosynthesis. In regards to this, it is recommended that each person plants a tree.
Matter is composed of particles which can be:
Tightly packed together (as seen in solids).
Loosely packed together (as seen in liquids).
Completely separated (as seen in gases).
The movement of the particles of matter is a function of the overall kinetic energy present in them. You can think of kinetic energy as energy in motion.
An increase in the particles' vibrational, rotational or translational motion will imply an increase in temperature while a decrease in the particles motion (vibrational, rotational and translational) will mean a decrease in temperature. Based on this knowledge, we can therefore define temperature as the measure of the average kinetic energy possessed by the particles of matter.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a score derived from a set of standardized tests developed to measure a person's cognitive abilities in relation to their age group.
IQ may also be defined as the ratio of mental age (MA) to chronological age (CA) multiplied by 100.
Below are some formulas pertaining Intelligence Quotient:
IQ = MA x 100 ÷ CA
MA = Mental age
CA = Chronological age
IQ above 100 = Brilliance
IQ that equals 100 = Average
IQ below 100 = Below Average